Update on resident training models for ureteroscopy

Surgical skills increasingly are taught in training laboratories outside the operating room. This change in paradigm has driven the development of surrogate training models for a wide range of surgical procedures. In urology, a growing number of procedures using minimally invasive techniques are performed. Consequently, the development of simulators for training and assessment represents a growing need. In this article, we review the currently available ureteroscopic simulators, including a critical assessment of relevant validation studies for each.