Robotic surgery in pediatric urology: State of the art and future horizons

The emergence of robotic technology to facilitate minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery has offered a new paradigm for reconstructive surgery in pediatric urology. While the instrumentation is not specifically designed for children, it has been successfully adapted to these applications. Increasingly complex procedures are being undertaken, and greater experience has demonstrated refined efficiency and a high level of efficacy. The basic methods and common procedures are described in this review as well as potential directions for future applications and research. While controversy remains as to the comparative effectiveness of robotic surgery for pediatric urology, the current da Vinci System can be seen as a proof of principle of the concept of computer-aided surgery with significant potential for future enhancements and improved efficacy.