Resting-state functional connectivity-based parcellation of the human dentate nucleus: new findings and clinical relevance

For years, the cerebellum was left out of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies due to technological limitations. The advent of novel data acquisition and reconstruction strategies (e.g., whole-brain simultaneous multi-slice imaging) employing multi-channel array coils has overcome such limitations, ushering unprecedented improvements in temporal signal-to-noise ratio and spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we aim to provide a brief report on the deep cerebellar nuclei, specifically focusing on the dentate nuclei, the primary output nuclei, situated within both cognitive and motor cerebello-cerebral circuits. We highlight the importance of functional parcellation in refining our understanding of broad resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in both health and disease. First, we review work relevant to the functional topography of the dentate nuclei, including recent advances in functional parcellation. Next, we review RSFC studies using the dentate nuclei as seed regions of interest in neurological and psychiatric populations and discuss the potential benefits of applying functionally defined subdivisions. Finally, we discuss recent technological advances and underscore ultrahigh-field neuroimaging as a tool to potentiate functionally parcellated RSFC analyses in clinical populations.