Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Liver Transplantation for Alcohol-associated Liver Diseases in the United States

Thomas G. Cotter; Mack C. Mitchell; Mausam J. Patel; Ahmad Anouti; Sarah R. Lieber; Nicole E. Rich; Juan Pablo Arab; Luis Antonio Díaz; Jeremy Louissaint; Thomas Kerr; Arjmand R. Mufti; Steven I. Hanish; Parsia A. Vagefi; Madhukar S. Patel; Lisa B. Vanwagner; William M. Lee; Jacqueline G. O'Leary; Amit G. Singal

doi:10.1097/TP.0000000000004701

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Liver Transplantation for Alcohol-associated Liver Diseases in the United States

Thomas G. Cotter, Mack C. Mitchell, Mausam J. Patel, Ahmad Anouti, Sarah R. Lieber, Nicole E. Rich, Juan Pablo Arab, Luis Antonio Díaz, Jeremy Louissaint, Thomas Kerr, Arjmand R. Mufti, Steven I. Hanish, Parsia A. Vagefi, Madhukar S. Patel, Lisa B. Vanwagner, William M. Lee, Jacqueline G. O'Leary, Amit G. Singal

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Abstract

Background. Emerging data suggest disparities exist in liver transplantation (LT) for alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). As the incidence of ALD increases, we aimed to characterize recent trends in ALD LT frequency and outcomes, including racial and ethnic disparities. Methods. Using United Network for Organ Sharing/Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network data (2015 through 2021), we evaluated LT frequency, waitlist mortality, and graft survival among US adults with ALD (alcohol-associated hepatitis [AH] and alcohol-associated cirrhosis [AAC]) stratified by race and ethnicity. We used adjusted competing-risk regression analysis to evaluate waitlist outcomes, Kaplan-Meier analysis to illustrate graft survival, and Cox proportional hazards modeling to identify factors associated with graft survival. Results. There were 1211 AH and 26 526 AAC new LT waitlist additions, with 970 AH and 15 522 AAC LTs performed. Compared with non-Hispanic White patients (NHWs) with AAC, higher hazards of waitlist death were observed for Hispanic (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-1.32), Asian (SHR = 1.22, 95% CI:1. 01-1.47), and American Indian/Alaskan Native (SHR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.15-1.76) candidates. Similarly, significantly higher graft failures were observed in non-Hispanic Black (HR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.09-1.61) and American Indian/Alaskan Native (HR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.15-2.38) patients with AAC than NHWs. We did not observe differences in waitlist or post-LT outcomes by race or ethnicity in AH, although analyses were limited by small subgroups. Conclusions. Significant racial and ethnic disparities exist for ALD LT frequency and outcomes in the United States. Compared with NHWs, racial and ethnic minorities with AAC experience increased risk of waitlist mortality and graft failure. Efforts are needed to identify determinants for LT disparities in ALD that can inform intervention strategies.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	225-234
Number of pages	10
Journal	Transplantation
Volume	108
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000004701
State	Published - Jan 1 2024

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Transplantation

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Cotter, T. G., Mitchell, M. C., Patel, M. J., Anouti, A., Lieber, S. R., Rich, N. E., Arab, J. P., Díaz, L. A., Louissaint, J., Kerr, T., Mufti, A. R., Hanish, S. I., Vagefi, P. A., Patel, M. S., Vanwagner, L. B., Lee, W. M., O'Leary, J. G., & Singal, A. G. (2024). Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Liver Transplantation for Alcohol-associated Liver Diseases in the United States. Transplantation, 108(1), 225-234. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000004701

Cotter, TG , Mitchell, MC, Patel, MJ, Anouti, A, Lieber, SR , Rich, NE, Arab, JP, Díaz, LA, Louissaint, J , Kerr, T , Mufti, AR , Hanish, SI , Vagefi, PA , Patel, MS , Vanwagner, LB , Lee, WM , O'Leary, JG & Singal, AG 2024, 'Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Liver Transplantation for Alcohol-associated Liver Diseases in the United States', Transplantation, vol. 108, no. 1, pp. 225-234. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000004701

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title = "Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Liver Transplantation for Alcohol-associated Liver Diseases in the United States",

abstract = "Background. Emerging data suggest disparities exist in liver transplantation (LT) for alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). As the incidence of ALD increases, we aimed to characterize recent trends in ALD LT frequency and outcomes, including racial and ethnic disparities. Methods. Using United Network for Organ Sharing/Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network data (2015 through 2021), we evaluated LT frequency, waitlist mortality, and graft survival among US adults with ALD (alcohol-associated hepatitis [AH] and alcohol-associated cirrhosis [AAC]) stratified by race and ethnicity. We used adjusted competing-risk regression analysis to evaluate waitlist outcomes, Kaplan-Meier analysis to illustrate graft survival, and Cox proportional hazards modeling to identify factors associated with graft survival. Results. There were 1211 AH and 26 526 AAC new LT waitlist additions, with 970 AH and 15 522 AAC LTs performed. Compared with non-Hispanic White patients (NHWs) with AAC, higher hazards of waitlist death were observed for Hispanic (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-1.32), Asian (SHR = 1.22, 95% CI:1. 01-1.47), and American Indian/Alaskan Native (SHR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.15-1.76) candidates. Similarly, significantly higher graft failures were observed in non-Hispanic Black (HR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.09-1.61) and American Indian/Alaskan Native (HR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.15-2.38) patients with AAC than NHWs. We did not observe differences in waitlist or post-LT outcomes by race or ethnicity in AH, although analyses were limited by small subgroups. Conclusions. Significant racial and ethnic disparities exist for ALD LT frequency and outcomes in the United States. Compared with NHWs, racial and ethnic minorities with AAC experience increased risk of waitlist mortality and graft failure. Efforts are needed to identify determinants for LT disparities in ALD that can inform intervention strategies.",

author = "Cotter, {Thomas G.} and Mitchell, {Mack C.} and Patel, {Mausam J.} and Ahmad Anouti and Lieber, {Sarah R.} and Rich, {Nicole E.} and Arab, {Juan Pablo} and D{\'i}az, {Luis Antonio} and Jeremy Louissaint and Thomas Kerr and Mufti, {Arjmand R.} and Hanish, {Steven I.} and Vagefi, {Parsia A.} and Patel, {Madhukar S.} and Vanwagner, {Lisa B.} and Lee, {William M.} and O'Leary, {Jacqueline G.} and Singal, {Amit G.}",

year = "2024",

month = jan,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1097/TP.0000000000004701",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "108",

pages = "225--234",

journal = "Transplantation",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Liver Transplantation for Alcohol-associated Liver Diseases in the United States

AU - Cotter, Thomas G.

AU - Mitchell, Mack C.

AU - Patel, Mausam J.

AU - Anouti, Ahmad

AU - Lieber, Sarah R.

AU - Rich, Nicole E.

AU - Arab, Juan Pablo

AU - Díaz, Luis Antonio

AU - Louissaint, Jeremy

AU - Kerr, Thomas

AU - Mufti, Arjmand R.

AU - Hanish, Steven I.

AU - Vagefi, Parsia A.

AU - Patel, Madhukar S.

AU - Vanwagner, Lisa B.

AU - Lee, William M.

AU - O'Leary, Jacqueline G.

AU - Singal, Amit G.

PY - 2024/1/1

Y1 - 2024/1/1

N2 - Background. Emerging data suggest disparities exist in liver transplantation (LT) for alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). As the incidence of ALD increases, we aimed to characterize recent trends in ALD LT frequency and outcomes, including racial and ethnic disparities. Methods. Using United Network for Organ Sharing/Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network data (2015 through 2021), we evaluated LT frequency, waitlist mortality, and graft survival among US adults with ALD (alcohol-associated hepatitis [AH] and alcohol-associated cirrhosis [AAC]) stratified by race and ethnicity. We used adjusted competing-risk regression analysis to evaluate waitlist outcomes, Kaplan-Meier analysis to illustrate graft survival, and Cox proportional hazards modeling to identify factors associated with graft survival. Results. There were 1211 AH and 26 526 AAC new LT waitlist additions, with 970 AH and 15 522 AAC LTs performed. Compared with non-Hispanic White patients (NHWs) with AAC, higher hazards of waitlist death were observed for Hispanic (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-1.32), Asian (SHR = 1.22, 95% CI:1. 01-1.47), and American Indian/Alaskan Native (SHR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.15-1.76) candidates. Similarly, significantly higher graft failures were observed in non-Hispanic Black (HR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.09-1.61) and American Indian/Alaskan Native (HR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.15-2.38) patients with AAC than NHWs. We did not observe differences in waitlist or post-LT outcomes by race or ethnicity in AH, although analyses were limited by small subgroups. Conclusions. Significant racial and ethnic disparities exist for ALD LT frequency and outcomes in the United States. Compared with NHWs, racial and ethnic minorities with AAC experience increased risk of waitlist mortality and graft failure. Efforts are needed to identify determinants for LT disparities in ALD that can inform intervention strategies.

AB - Background. Emerging data suggest disparities exist in liver transplantation (LT) for alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). As the incidence of ALD increases, we aimed to characterize recent trends in ALD LT frequency and outcomes, including racial and ethnic disparities. Methods. Using United Network for Organ Sharing/Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network data (2015 through 2021), we evaluated LT frequency, waitlist mortality, and graft survival among US adults with ALD (alcohol-associated hepatitis [AH] and alcohol-associated cirrhosis [AAC]) stratified by race and ethnicity. We used adjusted competing-risk regression analysis to evaluate waitlist outcomes, Kaplan-Meier analysis to illustrate graft survival, and Cox proportional hazards modeling to identify factors associated with graft survival. Results. There were 1211 AH and 26 526 AAC new LT waitlist additions, with 970 AH and 15 522 AAC LTs performed. Compared with non-Hispanic White patients (NHWs) with AAC, higher hazards of waitlist death were observed for Hispanic (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-1.32), Asian (SHR = 1.22, 95% CI:1. 01-1.47), and American Indian/Alaskan Native (SHR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.15-1.76) candidates. Similarly, significantly higher graft failures were observed in non-Hispanic Black (HR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.09-1.61) and American Indian/Alaskan Native (HR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.15-2.38) patients with AAC than NHWs. We did not observe differences in waitlist or post-LT outcomes by race or ethnicity in AH, although analyses were limited by small subgroups. Conclusions. Significant racial and ethnic disparities exist for ALD LT frequency and outcomes in the United States. Compared with NHWs, racial and ethnic minorities with AAC experience increased risk of waitlist mortality and graft failure. Efforts are needed to identify determinants for LT disparities in ALD that can inform intervention strategies.

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U2 - 10.1097/TP.0000000000004701

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Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Liver Transplantation for Alcohol-associated Liver Diseases in the United States

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