Novel genes and functional relationships in the adult mouse gastrointestinal tract identified by microarray analysis

Background & Aims: A genome-level understanding of the molecular basis of segmental gene expression along the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis of the mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract is lacking. We hypothesized that functional patterning along the A-P axis of the Gl tract could be defined at the molecular level by analyzing expression profiles of large numbers of genes. Methods: Incyte GEM1 microarrays containing 8638 complementary DNAs (cDNAs) were used to define expression profiles in adult mouse stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, proximal colon, and distal colon. Highly expressed cDNAs were classified based on segmental expression patterns and protein function. Results: 571 cDNAs were expressed 2-fold higher than reference in at least I Gl tissue. Most of these genes displayed sharp segmental expression boundaries, the majority of which were at anatomically defined locations. Boundaries were particularly striking for genes encoding proteins that function in intermediary metabolism, transport, and cell-cell communication. Genes with distinctive expression profiles were compared with mouse and human genomic sequence for promoter analysis and gene discovery. Conclusions: The anatomically defined organs of the Gl tract (stomach, small intestine, colon) can be distinguished based on a genome-level analysis of gene expression profiles. However, distinctions between various regions of the small intestine and colon are much less striking. We have identified novel genes not previously known to be expressed in the adult Gl tract. Identification of genes coordinately regulated along the A-P axis provides a basis for new insights and gene discovery relevant to Gl development, differentiation, function, and disease.