Neuroimmunological Disorders

Immune-mediated disorders of the nervous system have increased in prevalence and recognition along with our understanding of the relevant pathophysiology. The conditions can be categorized based on the target of inflammation, the type of underlying immunologic pathology, and the time course of the condition (e.g., monophasic vs. recurring conditions). Some immune-mediated conditions target the central nervous system (CNS), some target the peripheral nervous system (PNS), while a few can cause abnormalities in both systems. Additionally, within the CNS and PNS, there are a multitude of well-defined specific targets of a pathologic immune system. The symptoms experienced by a patient depend on the part of the nervous system targeted, and the outcome depends on the severity of damage, success of therapy, ability to repair, and rehabilitation-induced improvements. This chapter explores the general principles, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic options for immune-mediated neurologic conditions.