TY - JOUR
T1 - Gut Microbiota, Bacterial Translocation, and Interactions with Diet
T2 - Pathophysiological Links between Major Depressive Disorder and Non-Communicable Medical Comorbidities
AU - Slyepchenko, Anastasiya
AU - Maes, Michael
AU - Jacka, Felice N.
AU - Köhler, Cristiano A.
AU - Barichello, Tatiana
AU - McIntyre, Roger S.
AU - Berk, Michael
AU - Grande, Iria
AU - Foster, Jane A.
AU - Vieta, Eduard
AU - Carvalho, André F.
N1 - Funding Information:
C.A.K. is supported by a postdoctoral research fellowship from CAPES (Brazil). M.B. is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellowship (1059660). I.G. has received a Juan Rodés research contract (JR15/00012) at the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness, Barcelona (Spain). E.V. thanks the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness, CIBERSAM (PI12/00912), the Grups Consolidats de Recerca 2014 (SGR 398), the Seventh European Framework Programme (ENBREC), and the Stanley Medical Research Institute for their support. A.F.C. is supported by a research fellowship award from CNPq (Brazil).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.
PY - 2016/12/1
Y1 - 2016/12/1
N2 - Background: Persistent low-grade immune-inflammatory processes, oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), and hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis activation are integral to the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). The microbiome, intestinal compositional changes, and re sultant bacterial translocation add a new element to the bidirectional interactions of the gut-brain axis; new evidence implicates these pathways in the patho-aetiology of MDD. In addition, abnormalities in the gut-brain axis are associated with several chronic non-communicable disorders, which frequently co-occur in individuals with MDD, including but not limited to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: We searched the PubMed/MEDLINE database up until May 1, 2016 for studies which investigated intestinal dysbiosis and bacterial translocation (the 'leaky gut') in the pathophysiology of MDD and co-occurring somatic comorbidities with an emphasis on IBS, CFS, obesity, and T2DM. Results: The composition of the gut microbiota is influenced by several genetic and environmental factors (e.g. diet). Several lines of evidence indicate that gut-microbiotadiet interactions play a significant pathophysiological role in MDD and related medical comorbidities. Gut dysbiosis and the leaky gut may influence several pathways implicated in the biology of MDD, including but not limited to immune activation, O&NS, and neuroplasticity cascades. However, methodological inconsistencies and limitations limit comparisons across studies. Conclusions: Intestinal dysbiosis and the leaky gut may constitute a key pathophysiological link between MDD and its medical comorbidities. This emerging literature opens relevant preventative and therapeutic perspectives.
AB - Background: Persistent low-grade immune-inflammatory processes, oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), and hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis activation are integral to the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). The microbiome, intestinal compositional changes, and re sultant bacterial translocation add a new element to the bidirectional interactions of the gut-brain axis; new evidence implicates these pathways in the patho-aetiology of MDD. In addition, abnormalities in the gut-brain axis are associated with several chronic non-communicable disorders, which frequently co-occur in individuals with MDD, including but not limited to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: We searched the PubMed/MEDLINE database up until May 1, 2016 for studies which investigated intestinal dysbiosis and bacterial translocation (the 'leaky gut') in the pathophysiology of MDD and co-occurring somatic comorbidities with an emphasis on IBS, CFS, obesity, and T2DM. Results: The composition of the gut microbiota is influenced by several genetic and environmental factors (e.g. diet). Several lines of evidence indicate that gut-microbiotadiet interactions play a significant pathophysiological role in MDD and related medical comorbidities. Gut dysbiosis and the leaky gut may influence several pathways implicated in the biology of MDD, including but not limited to immune activation, O&NS, and neuroplasticity cascades. However, methodological inconsistencies and limitations limit comparisons across studies. Conclusions: Intestinal dysbiosis and the leaky gut may constitute a key pathophysiological link between MDD and its medical comorbidities. This emerging literature opens relevant preventative and therapeutic perspectives.
KW - Chronic fatigue syndrome
KW - Depression
KW - Diabetes
KW - Inflammation
KW - Irritable bowel syndrome
KW - Microbiota
KW - Mood disorders
KW - Obesity
KW - Oxidative stress
KW - Psychiatry
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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85000910646&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1159/000448957
DO - 10.1159/000448957
M3 - Review article
C2 - 27884012
AN - SCOPUS:85000910646
SN - 0033-3190
VL - 86
SP - 31
EP - 46
JO - Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
JF - Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
IS - 1
ER -