Extracellular Regulation of Cell-to-Matrix Adhesion

Cell adhesion to extracellular matrices involves specific bonds between cell membrane proteins and their extracellular ligands, less-defined interactions between macromolecules extending from the cell and matrix, and features of the matrix such as distribution of adhesion ligands, surface topography, electrostatic charge, and mechanical compliance. Many aspects of the cell phenotype are altered by changes in the matrix produced by other cells or environmental factors. This article summarizes how cell adhesion is altered by changes in the chemical or physical properties of the matrix and illustrates how matrix-dependent effects on cell function are associated with normal development or pathology.