Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in Asian versus White patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: The study aimed to assess the treatment effects of the two medications on cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in Asian compared with White patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL were searched up to October 31, 2022. We included the trials that assessed the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) or sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) versus placebo in Asian and White patients with T2DM on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and kidney outcomes. The Bucher method was used to perform an indirect comparison for estimating the differences in treatment effects of GLP-1 RA and SGLT2i between Asian versus White patients. Interaction tests were also performed for treatment-by-race to assess the potential effect modification by race. Results: We included 22 publications from 13 randomized trials. For MACE, there were no differences in treatment effects of GLP-1 RA (HR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.68–1.04) or SGLT2i (HR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.72–1.13) in Asian versus White patients. No differences in treatment effects of SGLT2i on kidney outcomes in Asian versus White patients were found (HR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.75–1.36). There was no significant effect modification by race on cardiovascular and kidney outcomes. Conclusions: There were no significant differences in treatment effects of GLP-1 RA or SGLT2i for MACE between Asian and White patients with T2DM. Likewise, no significant differences in treatment effects of SGLT2i on kidney outcomes were found between Asian and White patients.