Dual-Task Interference Effects on Lower-Extremity Muscle Activities during Gait Initiation and Steady-State Gait among Healthy Young Individuals, Measured Using Wireless Electromyography Sensors

To maintain a healthy lifestyle, adults rely on their ability to walk while simultaneously managing multiple tasks that challenge their coordination. This study investigates the impact of cognitive dual tasks on lower-limb muscle activities in 21 healthy young adults during both gait initiation and steady-state gait. We utilized wireless electromyography sensors to measure muscle activities, along with a 3D motion capture system and force plates to detect the phases of gait initiation and steady-state gait. The participants were asked to walk at their self-selected pace, and we compared single-task and dual-task conditions. We analyzed mean muscle activation and coactivation in the biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles. The findings revealed that, during gait initiation with the dual-task condition, there was a decrease in mean muscle activation and an increase in mean muscle coactivation between the swing and stance limbs compared with the single-task condition. In steady-state gait, there was also a decrease in mean muscle activation in the dual-task condition compared with the single-task condition. When participants performed dual-task activities during gait initiation, early indicators of reduced balance capability were observed. Additionally, during dual-task steady-state gait, the knee stabilizer muscles exhibited signs of altered activation, contributing to balance instability.