@article{dbe752f2df2540638c1e6a0a51afcffb,
title = "Dietary factors and the risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer among black and white men in the United States",
abstract = "Objectives: To investigate dietary factors for squamous cell esophageal cancer and whether these factors may contribute to the five-fold higher incidence of this cancer in the black versus white population of the United States. Methods: Data from a food frequency questionnaire were analyzed for 114 white men and 219 black men with squamous cell esophageal cancer, and 681 white and 557 black male controls from three areas of the United States who participated in a population-based case-control study of esophageal cancer. Results: Protective effects were associated with intake of raw fruits and vegetables (odds ratio for high versus low consumers = 0.3 in both white and black men) and use of vitamin supplements (especially vitamin C; odds ratio for high versus low consumers = 0.4 in both races), with the frequency of consumption of raw fruits and vegetables and vitamin supplements being greater for white than black controls. In addition, elevated risks were associated with high versus low intake of red meat (OR = 2.7 for blacks and 1.5 for whites) and processed meat (OR = 1.6 for blacks and 1.7 for whites), with the levels of consumption being greater for black than white controls. Conclusions: In the United States, these dietary factors may contribute in part to the much higher incidence of squamous cell esophageal cancer among black compared to white men.",
keywords = "Case-control studies, Diet, Esophageal neoplasms, Raw fruit, Raw vegetables",
author = "Brown, {Linda Morris} and Swanson, {Christine A.} and Gloria Gridley and Swanson, {G. Marie} and Silverman, {Debra T.} and Greenberg, {Raymond S.} and Hayes, {Richard B.} and Schoenberg, {Janet B.} and Pottern, {Linda M.} and Schwartz, {Ann G.} and Liff, {Jonathan M.} and Robert Hoover and Fraumeni, {Joseph F.}",
note = "Funding Information: Ms Brown, Dr CA Swanson, Ms Gridley, and Drs Silverman, Hayes, Hoover and Fraumeni are with the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA. Drs GM Swanson and Schwartz were with the Michigan Cancer Foundation, Detroit, MI, USA. Dr. Swanson is currently with the Cancer Center, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, USA and Dr. Schwartz with the Department of Human Genetics, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Dr Greenberg was with the Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; he is currently with the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. Ms Schoenberg was with the New Jersey State Department of Health, Trenton, NJ, USA. Dr Pottern was with the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD, USA; she is currently with the Women's Health Initiative, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Dr Liff is with the Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Address correspondence to Ms Brown, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Executive Plaza North, Room 415, 6130 Executive Blvd. MSC 7368, Bethesda, MD 20892-7368, USA. This research was performed under contracts NO1-CP-51090, NO1-CP-51089, NO1-CP-51092, NO1-CN-05225, NO1-CN-31022, and NO1-CN-05227.",
year = "1998",
doi = "10.1023/A:1008861806923",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "9",
pages = "467--474",
journal = "Cancer Causes and Control",
issn = "0957-5243",
publisher = "Springer Netherlands",
number = "5",
}