TY - JOUR
T1 - Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Stimulates Aromatase Gene Expression in Human Adipose Stromal Cells Through Use of an Activating Protein-1 Binding Site Upstream of Promoter 1.4
AU - Zhao, Ying
AU - Nichols, John E.
AU - Valdez, Renee
AU - Mendelson, Carole R.
AU - Simpson, Evan R.
PY - 1996
Y1 - 1996
N2 - Expression of aromatase P450 (P450arom; the product of the CYP19 gene) in human adipose stromal cells in primary culture is markedly stimulated by serum in the presence of dexamethasone (DEX). Under these conditions, the majority of P450arom transcripts contain untranslated exon 1.4 at their 5′-ends. Previously, we observed that the region of the CYP19 gene upstream of exon 1.4 contains a TATA-less promoter, a glucocorticoid response element, and an interferon-γ-activating sequence. These act to mediate the action of interleukin-6 and related cytokines to stimulate aromatase expression in the presence of DEX. In the present study, we found that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) also acts synergistically with DEX to stimulate aromatase expression in adipose stromal cells in serum-free medium. We observed that the action of TNFα can be mimicked by ceramide. Maximal aromatase activity was obtained when cells were incubated with 5 ng/ml TNFα or 100 nM ceramide in the presence of 250 nM DEX. Levels of c-fos and c-jun proteins also were increased by TNFα or ceramide in the presence of DEX. Upstream of the interferon-γ-activating sequence site there is an imperfect activating protein-1 (AP-1) binding site (2-bp mismatch). Gel retardation analysis using nucleotide probes containing the putative AP-1-binding sequence and nuclear extracts of human adipose stromal cells cultured in the presence of TNFα or ceramide plus DEX revealed that adipose stromal cells nuclear proteins bind to this site and that binding was competed by a 100-fold excess of a consensus AP-1 sequence. In addition, binding activity was competed by both antic-fos and anti-c-jun sera. Mutation or deletion of the putative AP-1 element resulted in the loss of TNFα- plus DEX-induced activity of reporter constructs comprised of 515 bp of the exon I.4 flanking sequence linked to the luciferase gene. These results suggest that TNFα, probably acting through ceramide formation, stimulates the binding of both c-fos and c-jun to the AP-1 element upstream of exon I.4. These act cooperatively with the ligand-activated glucocorticoid receptor to induce aromatase expression in adipose stromal cells in primary culture. We conclude that this TNFα signal transduction pathway may play an important role in the regulation of estrogen biosynthesis in adipose tissue.
AB - Expression of aromatase P450 (P450arom; the product of the CYP19 gene) in human adipose stromal cells in primary culture is markedly stimulated by serum in the presence of dexamethasone (DEX). Under these conditions, the majority of P450arom transcripts contain untranslated exon 1.4 at their 5′-ends. Previously, we observed that the region of the CYP19 gene upstream of exon 1.4 contains a TATA-less promoter, a glucocorticoid response element, and an interferon-γ-activating sequence. These act to mediate the action of interleukin-6 and related cytokines to stimulate aromatase expression in the presence of DEX. In the present study, we found that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) also acts synergistically with DEX to stimulate aromatase expression in adipose stromal cells in serum-free medium. We observed that the action of TNFα can be mimicked by ceramide. Maximal aromatase activity was obtained when cells were incubated with 5 ng/ml TNFα or 100 nM ceramide in the presence of 250 nM DEX. Levels of c-fos and c-jun proteins also were increased by TNFα or ceramide in the presence of DEX. Upstream of the interferon-γ-activating sequence site there is an imperfect activating protein-1 (AP-1) binding site (2-bp mismatch). Gel retardation analysis using nucleotide probes containing the putative AP-1-binding sequence and nuclear extracts of human adipose stromal cells cultured in the presence of TNFα or ceramide plus DEX revealed that adipose stromal cells nuclear proteins bind to this site and that binding was competed by a 100-fold excess of a consensus AP-1 sequence. In addition, binding activity was competed by both antic-fos and anti-c-jun sera. Mutation or deletion of the putative AP-1 element resulted in the loss of TNFα- plus DEX-induced activity of reporter constructs comprised of 515 bp of the exon I.4 flanking sequence linked to the luciferase gene. These results suggest that TNFα, probably acting through ceramide formation, stimulates the binding of both c-fos and c-jun to the AP-1 element upstream of exon I.4. These act cooperatively with the ligand-activated glucocorticoid receptor to induce aromatase expression in adipose stromal cells in primary culture. We conclude that this TNFα signal transduction pathway may play an important role in the regulation of estrogen biosynthesis in adipose tissue.
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U2 - 10.1210/mend.10.11.8923461
DO - 10.1210/mend.10.11.8923461
M3 - Article
C2 - 8923461
AN - SCOPUS:0030458403
SN - 0888-8809
VL - 10
SP - 1350
EP - 1357
JO - Molecular Endocrinology
JF - Molecular Endocrinology
IS - 11
ER -