TY - JOUR
T1 - Trauma-induced heterotopic bone formation and the role of the immune system
T2 - A review
AU - Kraft, Casey T.
AU - Agarwal, Shailesh
AU - Ranganathan, Kavitha
AU - Wong, Victor W.
AU - Loder, Shawn
AU - Li, John
AU - Delano, Matthew J.
AU - Levi, Benjamin
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
PY - 2016
Y1 - 2016
N2 - Extremity trauma, spinal cord injuries, head injuries, and burn injuries place patients at high risk of pathologic extraskeletal bone formation. This heterotopic bone causes severe pain, deformities, and joint contractures. The immune system has been increasingly implicated in this debilitating condition. This reviewsummarizes the various roles immune cells and inflammation play in the formation of ectopic bone and highlights potential areas of future investigation and treatment. Cell types in both the innate and adaptive immune system such as neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, B cells, and T cells have all been implicated as having a role in ectopic bone formation through various mechanisms. Many of these cell types are promising areas of therapeutic investigation for potential treatment. The immune system has also been known to also influence osteoclastogenesis, which is heavily involved in ectopic bone formation. Chronic inflammation is also known to have an inhibitory role in the formation of ectopic bone, whereas acute inflammation is necessary for ectopic bone formation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;80: 156-165.
AB - Extremity trauma, spinal cord injuries, head injuries, and burn injuries place patients at high risk of pathologic extraskeletal bone formation. This heterotopic bone causes severe pain, deformities, and joint contractures. The immune system has been increasingly implicated in this debilitating condition. This reviewsummarizes the various roles immune cells and inflammation play in the formation of ectopic bone and highlights potential areas of future investigation and treatment. Cell types in both the innate and adaptive immune system such as neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, B cells, and T cells have all been implicated as having a role in ectopic bone formation through various mechanisms. Many of these cell types are promising areas of therapeutic investigation for potential treatment. The immune system has also been known to also influence osteoclastogenesis, which is heavily involved in ectopic bone formation. Chronic inflammation is also known to have an inhibitory role in the formation of ectopic bone, whereas acute inflammation is necessary for ectopic bone formation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;80: 156-165.
KW - Ectopic bone
KW - Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive
KW - Heterotopic ossification
KW - Immune system
KW - Macrophages
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84952715632&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84952715632&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1097/TA.0000000000000883
DO - 10.1097/TA.0000000000000883
M3 - Review article
C2 - 26491794
AN - SCOPUS:84952715632
SN - 2163-0755
VL - 80
SP - 156
EP - 165
JO - Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery
JF - Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery
IS - 1
ER -