TY - JOUR
T1 - Quantifying normal head form and craniofacial asymmetry of elementary school students in Taiwan
AU - Hsu, Chih Kai
AU - Hallac, Rami R.
AU - Denadai, Rafael
AU - Wang, Sheng Wei
AU - Kane, Alex A.
AU - Lo, Lun Jou
AU - Chou, Pang Yun
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank Craniofacial Research Center in Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and CMRPG3G0081, CMRPG3G0082, and CMRPG3G0083. The authors would like to thank our research assistant Ms. Ya-Ru Tsai for connecting with all the elementary schools. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee for Human Research, No. 201601192B0, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. Permission was obtained for using photographs in this manuscript. C.K.H. R.R.H. and S.W.W. conceptualized and designed the study, organized data collection, carried out the analyses, and wrote the manuscript. R.D. A.A.K. and L.J.L. critically reviewed the manuscript. P.Y.C conceptualized and designed the study and critically reviewed the manuscript.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2019/12
Y1 - 2019/12
N2 - Background: Defining three-dimensional (3D) normal craniofacial morphology in healthy children could provide craniofacial surgeons a reference point to assess disease, plan surgical reconstruction, and evaluate treatment outcome. The purposes of this study were to report normal craniofacial form and quantify craniofacial asymmetry of healthy children in Taiwan by implementing the 3D stereophotogrammetry technique. Methods: Healthy Taiwanese elementary school children (n = 652) aged 6–12 years with no known craniofacial anomaly were recruited. After the 3dMD scanning procedure, 32 landmarks were manually placed on the 3D cranial images. Thin plate spline algorithm based on landmarks and closest point matching was applied to deform a symmetric 3D template into the scale of each scanned images. Skull asymmetry and facial asymmetry were calculated using 3dMD vultus and MATLAB. Average head shape models were also presented. Results: Overall, the mean head transverse width, height, anteroposterior length, and circumferences were 163.02, 220.79, 179.07, and 526.55 mm, respectively. On average, the skull asymmetry and facial asymmetry were 2.47 ± 1.26 mm and 0.96 ± 0.53 mm, respectively, with no significant (all p > 0.05) differences found when comparing males and females. In the average head shape model, certain craniofacial areas on the right side were found to be more protruded than those on the left side. Conclusions: This study shows that the baseline craniofacial form of the Taiwanese elementary school children is asymmetric with a tendency of more protrusion of the head on the right side.
AB - Background: Defining three-dimensional (3D) normal craniofacial morphology in healthy children could provide craniofacial surgeons a reference point to assess disease, plan surgical reconstruction, and evaluate treatment outcome. The purposes of this study were to report normal craniofacial form and quantify craniofacial asymmetry of healthy children in Taiwan by implementing the 3D stereophotogrammetry technique. Methods: Healthy Taiwanese elementary school children (n = 652) aged 6–12 years with no known craniofacial anomaly were recruited. After the 3dMD scanning procedure, 32 landmarks were manually placed on the 3D cranial images. Thin plate spline algorithm based on landmarks and closest point matching was applied to deform a symmetric 3D template into the scale of each scanned images. Skull asymmetry and facial asymmetry were calculated using 3dMD vultus and MATLAB. Average head shape models were also presented. Results: Overall, the mean head transverse width, height, anteroposterior length, and circumferences were 163.02, 220.79, 179.07, and 526.55 mm, respectively. On average, the skull asymmetry and facial asymmetry were 2.47 ± 1.26 mm and 0.96 ± 0.53 mm, respectively, with no significant (all p > 0.05) differences found when comparing males and females. In the average head shape model, certain craniofacial areas on the right side were found to be more protruded than those on the left side. Conclusions: This study shows that the baseline craniofacial form of the Taiwanese elementary school children is asymmetric with a tendency of more protrusion of the head on the right side.
KW - 3D stereophotogrammetry
KW - Craniofacial asymmetry
KW - Head form
KW - Head shape
KW - Healthy children
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U2 - 10.1016/j.bjps.2019.09.005
DO - 10.1016/j.bjps.2019.09.005
M3 - Article
C2 - 31623984
AN - SCOPUS:85073526013
SN - 1748-6815
VL - 72
SP - 2033
EP - 2040
JO - Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery
JF - Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery
IS - 12
ER -