Profiling the steroidogenic pathway in human fetal and adult adrenals

Objective: Gene expression clearly underlies the marked structural and functional differences between the human fetal adrenal (HFA) and adult adrenal. We thus measured expression of steroidogenic enzymes and associated cofactors in these tissues. Methods: Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify transcripts encoding steroidogenic enzymes and the cofactors steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome b ₅ (CYb₅), and P450 oxidoreductase (POR). Results: Cholesterol side-chain cleavage mRNA levels were 1.9-fold higher in the HFA than in the adult adrenal. Compared with a nonsignificant difference in 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase mRNA abundance, CYb₅ and POR were expressed 2.3-fold and 2.0-fold higher, respectively, in the HFA. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfotransferase transcript (SULT2A1) was present at 13-fold higher levels in the HFA than the adult. 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (HSD3B2) mRNA was 127-fold higher in the adult adrenal. StAR, 21-hydroxylase, 11β hydroxylase, and aldosterone synthase mRNA abundance did not differ significantly. Conclusion: In the HFA, increased mRNA for cholesterol side-chain cleavage reflects high cholesterol utilization for steroidogenesis. Both CYb₅ and POR cofactors may up-regulate 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase activity and thus DHEA sulfate production in the HFA. High levels of SULT2A1 mRNA reflect high DHEA sulfonation in the HFA and restricted expression in the adult. Lack of HSD3B2 in the HFA facilitates DHEA synthesis. The novel finding of high levels of 21-hydroxylase and 11β hydroxylase transcripts in the midgestational HFA merits further investigation. Thus different patterns of steroidogenic enzyme and cofactor gene expression might account for some of the phenotypic differences between the fetal and adult adrenal.