Phosphorylation of CCAAT-enhancer binding protein by protein kinase C attenuates site-selective DNA binding

Four DNA-recombinant proteins, corresponding to the DNA-binding domain of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), were phosphorylated in vitro by protein kinase C (PKC). High-performance liquid chromatography-peptide mapping of ³²P-labeled C/EBP indicated the presence of three major ³²P- labeled peptides: S²⁹⁹ (P)RDK, AKKS²⁷⁷ (P)VDK, and GAAGLP-GPGGS²⁴⁸ (P)LK. Phosphorylation of C/EBP by PKC or M-kinase resulted in an attenuation of binding to a ³²P-labeled CCAAT oligodeoxynucleotide. Three other truncated forms of C/EBP, C/EBP87, C/EBP87(S-C), and C/EBP60, were studied to define the sites of phosphorylation affecting DNA binding. Phosphorylation of the C/EBP87, containing sites Ser²⁹⁹ and Ser²⁷⁷, and C/EBP60, containing only site Ser²⁹⁹, by PKC also resulted in attenuation of DNA binding. In contrast, phosphorylation of C/EBP87(S-C), which retained Ser²⁷⁷ but had a Cys in place of Ser²⁹⁹, had no effect on DNA binding. Ser²⁹⁹ could not be phosphorylated by PKC if the protein is already bound to specific DNA. Phosphorylation of intact C/EBP from liver nuclear extract by PKC or M-kinase occurred at Ser²⁹⁹ and Ser²⁷⁷ and at an additional site, as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and peptide mapping.