TY - JOUR
T1 - Performance of a high fill factor, indirect detection prototype flat-panel imager for mammography
AU - El-Mohri, Youcef
AU - Antonuk, Larry E.
AU - Zhao, Qihua
AU - Wang, Yi
AU - Li, Yixin
AU - Du, Hong
AU - Sawant, Amit
N1 - Funding Information:
We would like to acknowledge assistance from Douglas Berry with some measurements and data analysis. We also would like to thank Robert Street for valuable discussions concerning the design specifications and operation of HOFFA array, Kyung-Wook Jee for discussions concerning the cascaded systems model, and Mitchell Goodsitt for discussions relating to mammographic imaging. This work was partially supported by National Institute of Health Grant No. 1 RO1 CA-76405.
PY - 2007/1
Y1 - 2007/1
N2 - Empirical and theoretical investigations of the performance of a small-area, high-spatial-resolution, active matrix flat-panel imager, operated under mammographic conditions, is reported. The imager is based on an indirect detection array incorporating a continuous photodiode design, as opposed to the discrete photodiode design employed in conventional flat-panel imagers. Continuous photodiodes offer the prospect of higher fill factors, particularly for arrays with pixel pitches below ∼100 μm. The array has a pixel-to-pixel pitch of 75 μm and a pixel format of 512x512, resulting in an active area of ∼3.8×3.8 cm2. The array was coupled to two commercially available, structured CsI:Tl scintillators of ∼150 μm thickness: one optimized for high light output (FOS-HL) and the other for high spatial resolution (FOS-HR), resulting in a pair of imager configurations. Measurements of sensitivity, modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectra (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) were performed with a 26 kVp mammography beam at exposures ranging from ∼0.5 to ∼19 mR. MTF results from both CsI:Tl scintillators show that the array demonstrates good spatial resolution, indicating effective isolation between adjacent pixels. The effect of additive noise of the system on DQE was observed to be significantly higher for the FOS-HR scintillator compared to the FOS-HL scintillator due to lower sensitivity of the former. For the FOS-HL scintillator, DQE performance was generally high at high exposures, limited by the x-ray quantum efficiency, Swank factor and the MTF of the scintillators. For both scintillators, the DQE performance degrades at lower exposures due to the relatively large contribution of additive noise. Theoretical calculations based on a cascaded systems model were found to be in general agreement with the empirically determined NPS and DQE values. Finally, such calculations were used to predict potential DQE performance for hypothetical 50 μm pixel pitch imagers, employing similar continuous photodiode design and realistic inputs derived from the empirical measurements.
AB - Empirical and theoretical investigations of the performance of a small-area, high-spatial-resolution, active matrix flat-panel imager, operated under mammographic conditions, is reported. The imager is based on an indirect detection array incorporating a continuous photodiode design, as opposed to the discrete photodiode design employed in conventional flat-panel imagers. Continuous photodiodes offer the prospect of higher fill factors, particularly for arrays with pixel pitches below ∼100 μm. The array has a pixel-to-pixel pitch of 75 μm and a pixel format of 512x512, resulting in an active area of ∼3.8×3.8 cm2. The array was coupled to two commercially available, structured CsI:Tl scintillators of ∼150 μm thickness: one optimized for high light output (FOS-HL) and the other for high spatial resolution (FOS-HR), resulting in a pair of imager configurations. Measurements of sensitivity, modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectra (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) were performed with a 26 kVp mammography beam at exposures ranging from ∼0.5 to ∼19 mR. MTF results from both CsI:Tl scintillators show that the array demonstrates good spatial resolution, indicating effective isolation between adjacent pixels. The effect of additive noise of the system on DQE was observed to be significantly higher for the FOS-HR scintillator compared to the FOS-HL scintillator due to lower sensitivity of the former. For the FOS-HL scintillator, DQE performance was generally high at high exposures, limited by the x-ray quantum efficiency, Swank factor and the MTF of the scintillators. For both scintillators, the DQE performance degrades at lower exposures due to the relatively large contribution of additive noise. Theoretical calculations based on a cascaded systems model were found to be in general agreement with the empirically determined NPS and DQE values. Finally, such calculations were used to predict potential DQE performance for hypothetical 50 μm pixel pitch imagers, employing similar continuous photodiode design and realistic inputs derived from the empirical measurements.
KW - Active matrix flat-panel imager
KW - Cascaded systems model
KW - Continuous photodiode
KW - Detective quantum efficiency
KW - Digital mammography
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=33845964617&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=33845964617&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1118/1.2403967
DO - 10.1118/1.2403967
M3 - Article
C2 - 17278517
AN - SCOPUS:33845964617
SN - 0094-2405
VL - 34
SP - 315
EP - 327
JO - Medical Physics
JF - Medical Physics
IS - 1
ER -