TY - JOUR
T1 - Pathways between nonmedical opioid use/dependence and psychiatric disorders
T2 - Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
AU - Martins, Silvia S.
AU - Keyes, Katherine M.
AU - Storr, Carla L.
AU - Zhu, Hong
AU - Chilcoat, Howard D.
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported by NIDA grant DA020667 (P.I.: Dr. Martins). Katherine Keyes is supported by a fellowship from the National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH013043-36). Howard Chilcoat is supported as an employee of GlaxoSmithKline.
PY - 2009/7/1
Y1 - 2009/7/1
N2 - Background: While nonmedical use of opioids and psychiatric disorders are prevalent in the population, little is known about the temporal ordering between nonmedical opioid use and dependence and psychiatric disorders. Method: Data were gathered in a face-to-face survey of the United States conducted in the 2001-2002 (NESARC wave 1). Participants were household and group quarters residents aged 18 years and older (n = 43,093). Cox proportional hazards models with time-dependent covariates were used to investigate potential pathways between lifetime nonmedical opioid use/dependence and psychiatric disorders. Results: Preexisting psychiatric disorders (mood disorders, major depressive disorder, bipolar I disorder, anxiety disorders, panic and generalized anxiety disorders) were associated with an increased risk of nonmedical opioid use, with hazard ratios ranging from 2.2[95% CI = 1.6-3.1] (any anxiety disorder) to 3.1[95% CI = 2.4-2.4] (bipolar I disorder). Preexisting nonmedical opioid use was associated with an increased risk of onset of psychiatric disorders, with hazard ratios ranging from 2.8[95% CI = 2.2-3.6] (generalized anxiety disorder) to 3.6[95% CI = 2.6-4.9] (bipolar I disorder), adjusted for demographics and other illegal drug use. Nonmedical use of opioids led to the development of dependence more often among individuals with preexisting psychiatric disorders, hazard ratios were particularly strong for generalized anxiety disorder (HR = 10.8, 95% CI = 4.9-23.7) and bipolar I disorder (HR = 9.7, 95% CI = 5.4-17.3). Preexisting opioid dependence resulting from nonmedical opioid use was associated with an increased risk of onset of psychiatric disorders, with hazard ratios ranging from 4.9[95% CI = 3.0-7.9] (mood disorders) to 8.5[95% CI = 4.5-16.0] (panic disorder), adjusted for demographics and alcohol and/or other illegal drug dependence. Conclusions: Our findings support a general vulnerability to nonmedical opioid use and major psychopathologies, as well as evidence for a 'self-medication' model for dependence resulting from nonmedical opioid use with bipolar disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.
AB - Background: While nonmedical use of opioids and psychiatric disorders are prevalent in the population, little is known about the temporal ordering between nonmedical opioid use and dependence and psychiatric disorders. Method: Data were gathered in a face-to-face survey of the United States conducted in the 2001-2002 (NESARC wave 1). Participants were household and group quarters residents aged 18 years and older (n = 43,093). Cox proportional hazards models with time-dependent covariates were used to investigate potential pathways between lifetime nonmedical opioid use/dependence and psychiatric disorders. Results: Preexisting psychiatric disorders (mood disorders, major depressive disorder, bipolar I disorder, anxiety disorders, panic and generalized anxiety disorders) were associated with an increased risk of nonmedical opioid use, with hazard ratios ranging from 2.2[95% CI = 1.6-3.1] (any anxiety disorder) to 3.1[95% CI = 2.4-2.4] (bipolar I disorder). Preexisting nonmedical opioid use was associated with an increased risk of onset of psychiatric disorders, with hazard ratios ranging from 2.8[95% CI = 2.2-3.6] (generalized anxiety disorder) to 3.6[95% CI = 2.6-4.9] (bipolar I disorder), adjusted for demographics and other illegal drug use. Nonmedical use of opioids led to the development of dependence more often among individuals with preexisting psychiatric disorders, hazard ratios were particularly strong for generalized anxiety disorder (HR = 10.8, 95% CI = 4.9-23.7) and bipolar I disorder (HR = 9.7, 95% CI = 5.4-17.3). Preexisting opioid dependence resulting from nonmedical opioid use was associated with an increased risk of onset of psychiatric disorders, with hazard ratios ranging from 4.9[95% CI = 3.0-7.9] (mood disorders) to 8.5[95% CI = 4.5-16.0] (panic disorder), adjusted for demographics and alcohol and/or other illegal drug dependence. Conclusions: Our findings support a general vulnerability to nonmedical opioid use and major psychopathologies, as well as evidence for a 'self-medication' model for dependence resulting from nonmedical opioid use with bipolar disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.
KW - Anxiety disorders
KW - Mood disorders
KW - Nonmedical opioid use
KW - Opioid dependence resulting from nonmedical opioid use
KW - Survival analysis
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U2 - 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.019
DO - 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.019
M3 - Article
C2 - 19414225
AN - SCOPUS:65549122081
SN - 0376-8716
VL - 103
SP - 16
EP - 24
JO - Drug and Alcohol Dependence
JF - Drug and Alcohol Dependence
IS - 1-2
ER -