TY - JOUR
T1 - Opioid analgesic use in patients with ankylosing spondylitis
T2 - An analysis of the prospective study of outcomes in an ankylosing spondylitis cohort
AU - Dau, Jonathan D.
AU - Lee, Minjae
AU - Ward, Michael M.
AU - Gensler, Lianne S.
AU - Brown, Matthew A.
AU - Learch, Thomas J.
AU - Diekman, Laura A.
AU - Tahanan, Amirali
AU - Rahbar, Mohammad H.
AU - Weisman, Michael H.
AU - Reveille, John D.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © The Journal of Rheumatology 2018. All rights reserved.
PY - 2018/2/1
Y1 - 2018/2/1
N2 - Objective: Opioid analgesics may be prescribed to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients with pain that is unresponsive to antirheumatic treatment. Our study assessed factors associated with opioid usage in AS. Methods: A prospective cohort of 706 patients with AS meeting modified New York criteria followed at least 2 years underwent comprehensive clinical evaluation of disease activity and functional impairment. These were assessed by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI). Radiographic severity was assessed by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Index and modified Stokes Ankylosing Spondylitis Scoring System. Medications taken concurrently with opioids, as well as C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), were determined at each study visit, performed every 6 months. Analyses were carried out at baseline, and longitudinal multivariable models were developed to identify factors independently associated with chronic and intermittent opioid usage over time. Results: Factors significantly associated with opioid usage, especially chronic opioid use, included longer disease duration, smoking, lack of exercise, higher disease activity (BASDAI) and functional impairment (BASFI), depression, radiographic severity, and cardiovascular disease. Patients taking opioids were more likely to be using anxiolytic, hypnotic, antidepressant, and muscle relaxant medications. Multivariable analysis underscored the association with smoking, older age, antitumor necrosis factor agent use, and psychoactive drugs, as well as with subjective but not objective determinants of disease activity. Conclusion: Opioid usage was more likely to be associated with subjective measures (depression, BASDAI, BASFI) than objective measures (CRP, ESR), suggesting that pain in AS may derive from sources other than spinal inflammation alone.
AB - Objective: Opioid analgesics may be prescribed to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients with pain that is unresponsive to antirheumatic treatment. Our study assessed factors associated with opioid usage in AS. Methods: A prospective cohort of 706 patients with AS meeting modified New York criteria followed at least 2 years underwent comprehensive clinical evaluation of disease activity and functional impairment. These were assessed by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI). Radiographic severity was assessed by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Index and modified Stokes Ankylosing Spondylitis Scoring System. Medications taken concurrently with opioids, as well as C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), were determined at each study visit, performed every 6 months. Analyses were carried out at baseline, and longitudinal multivariable models were developed to identify factors independently associated with chronic and intermittent opioid usage over time. Results: Factors significantly associated with opioid usage, especially chronic opioid use, included longer disease duration, smoking, lack of exercise, higher disease activity (BASDAI) and functional impairment (BASFI), depression, radiographic severity, and cardiovascular disease. Patients taking opioids were more likely to be using anxiolytic, hypnotic, antidepressant, and muscle relaxant medications. Multivariable analysis underscored the association with smoking, older age, antitumor necrosis factor agent use, and psychoactive drugs, as well as with subjective but not objective determinants of disease activity. Conclusion: Opioid usage was more likely to be associated with subjective measures (depression, BASDAI, BASFI) than objective measures (CRP, ESR), suggesting that pain in AS may derive from sources other than spinal inflammation alone.
KW - Ankylosing spondylitis
KW - Cohort studies
KW - Opioid
KW - Pain
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85041659236&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85041659236&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3899/jrheum.170630
DO - 10.3899/jrheum.170630
M3 - Article
C2 - 29196383
AN - SCOPUS:85041659236
SN - 0315-162X
VL - 45
SP - 188
EP - 194
JO - Journal of Rheumatology
JF - Journal of Rheumatology
IS - 2
ER -