Mutational and epigenetic evidence for independent pathways for lung adenocarcinomas arising in smokers and never smokers

Shinichi Toyooka, Masaki Tokumo, Hisayuki Shigematsu, Keitaro Matsuo, Hiroaki Asano, Kunitoshi Tomii, Shuji Ichihara, Makoto Suzuki, Motoi Aoe, Hiroshi Date, Adi F. Gazdar, Nobuyoshi Shimizu

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

144 Scopus citations

Abstract

Genetic and epigenetic alterations are considered to play important roles in lung cancer. Recent studies showed that EGFR and K-RAS mutations exhibited a mutually exclusive pattern in adenocarcinoma of the lung, suggesting the presence of two independent oncogenic pathways. However, it is unknown how epigenetic alterations were involved in lung carcinogenesis mediated by EGFR or K-RAS mutation. In this study, we examined the relationship between genetic and epigenetic alterations in 164 cases of lung adenocarcinoma. Somatic mutations were determined by direct sequence of EGFR exons 18 to 21 and K-RAS codons 12 and 13. Methylation status of p16INK4a, RASSF1A, APC, RARβ, and CDH13, frequently methylated in lung cancer, was determined by methylation-specific PCR and the degree of methylation was defined as the methylation index. Multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, and smoking dose showed that the probability of having EGFR mutation was significantly lower among those with p16INK4a and CDH13 methylation than in those without [p16INK4a: odds ratio (OR), 0.07; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.02-0.33; CDH13: OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.15-0.77] and the methylation index was significantly lower in EGFR mutant cases than in wild type (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.52-0.95). By contrast, K-RAS mutation was significantly higher in p16 INK4a methylated cases than in unmethylated cases (OR, 4.93; 95% CI, 1.54-15.7) and the methylation index was higher in K-RAS mutant cases than in wild type with marginal significance (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 0.95-2.25). Our results indicate the differences in the evolvement of epigenetic alterations between the EGFR- and K-RAS-mediated tumorigenesis and suggest the specific interaction of genetic and epigenetic changes in tumorigenesis of lung cancer.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)1371-1375
Number of pages5
JournalCancer research
Volume66
Issue number3
DOIs
StatePublished - Feb 1 2006

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Research

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