Measurement of rates of cholesterol synthesis using tritiated water

Rates of sterol synthesis in various tissues commonly are assessed by assaying levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase on isolated microsomes or by measuring the rates of incorporation of various ¹⁴C-labeled substrates or [³H]water into cholesterol by whole cell preparations in vitro or by the tissues of the whole animal in vivo. While measurement of activities of HMG-CoA reductase or rates of incorporation of ¹⁴C-labeled substrates into cholesterol give useful relative rates of sterol production, neither method yields absolute rates of cholesterol synthesis. The use of [³H]water circumvents the problem of variable and unknown dilution of the specific activity of the precursor pool encountered when ¹⁴C-labeled substrates are used and does yield absolute rates of cholesterol synthesis provided that the ³H/C incorporation ratio is known for a particular tissue. In 12 different experimental situations it has been found that from 21 to 27 μg atoms of ³H are incorporated into cholesterol from [³H]water in different tissues of several animal species, so that the ³H/C incorporation ratio is similar under nearly all experimental conditions and varies from 0.78 to 1.00. When administered in vivo [³H]water rapidly equilibrates with intracellular water and is incorporated into sterols within the various organs at rates that are linear with respect to time. From such data it is possible to obtain absolute rates of cholesterol synthesis in the whole animal and in the various organs of the animal. Current data suggest, therefore, that use of [³H]water yields the most accurate rates of cholesterol synthesis both in vitro and in vivo.