Learning disabilities and school failure

• Based on strong research evidence, LD is a highly prevalent, biologically based disorder in children. (2)(8) • Based on some research evidence as well as consensus, children manifesting school problems and suspected of having LD should undergo a comprehensive medical evaluation, including history review and physical examination, for identification of relevant risk factors for LD. (7) • Based primarily on consensus due to lack of relevant clinical studies, a child showing increased effort of learning, school distress, or school failure should be suspected of having LD. • Based primarily on consensus due to lack of relevant clinical studies, the child who has school problems and is suspected of having LD should be referred by the pediatrician for a comprehensive psychoeducational evaluation. (17) • Based on some research evidence as well as consensus, all children should have annual developmental surveillance as well as formal developmental screening at ages 30 and 48 months for early identification of risk factors for LD. (10) • Based primarily on consensus due to lack of relevant clinical studies, the pediatric clinician should play an advocacy role for children who have LD and their families from initial diagnosis into young adulthood. (21).