@article{9758810b06164361a360e82ea0386797,
title = "Leadership Gender Disparity within Research-Intensive Medical Schools: A Transcontinental Thematic Analysis",
abstract = "Background:The underrepresentation of women in senior leadership positions of academic medicine continues to prevail despite the ongoing efforts to advance gender parity. Our aim was to compare the extent of gender imbalance in the leadership of the top 100 medical schools and to critically analyze the contributing factors through a comprehensive theoretical framework.Methods:We adopted the theoretical framework of the Systems and Career Influences Model. The leadership was classified into four tiers of leadership hierarchy. Variables of interest included gender, h-index, number of documents published, total number of citations, and number of years in active research. A total of 2448 (77.59%) men and 707 (22.41%) women met the inclusion criteria.Results:Male majority was found in all regions with a significant difference in all levels of leadership (chi square = 91.66; P value =.001). Women had a lower mean h-index across all positions in all regions, and when we adjusted for number of years invested, M Index for women was still significantly lower than men (T test = 6.52; P value =.02).Discussion:Organizational and individual influences are transcontinental within the top 100 medical school leadership hierarchy. Those factors were critically assessed through in-depth analysis of the Systems and Career Influences Model. Evidence-driven actionable recommendations to remedy those influences were outlined.",
keywords = "academic leadership, gender disparity, gender role, H-index, medical schools",
author = "Waleed Abdellatif and Jeffrey Ding and Sabeena Jalal and Sanjiv Chopra and Javed Butler and Ali, {Ismail Tawakol} and Samad Shah and Faisal Khosa",
note = "Funding Information: Disclosures: F.K. is the recipient of the Vancouver Costal Health—Healthcare Hero Award (2018), Canadian Association of Radiologists/Canadian Radiological Foundation Leadership Scholarship (2017), and Vancouver Coastal Health Leadership Award (2017). J.B. reports research support from the National Institutes of Health, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, and the European Union. He serves on the speaker bureau for Novartis, Janssen, and NovoNordisk. He serves as a consultant and/or serves on steering committee, clinical events committee, or data safety monitoring boards for Abbott, Adrenomed, Amgen, Array, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, BerlinCures, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squib, Cardiocell, CVRx, G3 Pharmaceutical, Innolife, Janssen, Lantheus, LinaNova, Luitpold, Medscape, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, NovoNordisk, Relypsa, Roche, Sanofi, StealthPeptide, SC Pharma, V-Wave Limited, Vifor, and ZS Pharma. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest. W.A. and J.D. contributed equally to the study. All data used in this study were from publicly available sources; therefore, IRB approval was not applicable. Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal{\textquoteright}s Web site (www.jcehp.org). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. All rights reserved.",
year = "2019",
month = sep,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1097/CEH.0000000000000270",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "39",
pages = "243--250",
journal = "Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions",
issn = "0894-1912",
publisher = "John Wiley and Sons Inc.",
number = "4",
}