In vivo microscopy

In vivo microscopy (IVM) is the general term for those non-microscopic technologies that allow clinicians, pathologists and researchers to visualize or gather molecular-level information from tissues at or near the resolution of a microscope. Though the term implies that imaging may be exclusive to tissues within (or on the surface of) a living organism, numerous ex vivo applications exist. This chapter will address both in and ex vivo applications of this technology, as well as the basic principles underpinning those devices in clinical and investigational use today, with a focus on matters most pertinent to practicing anatomic pathologists. The chapter will also comment on the emerging nature of the field and the importance of involving pathology in driving such a change, and provide resources for additional exploration and learning.