@article{58969b68220f49c6b7c634bdfa596fb9,
title = "Heterotopic Ossification: A Comprehensive Review",
abstract = "Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a diverse pathologic process, defined as the formation of extraskeletal bone in muscle and soft tissues. HO can be conceptualized as a tissue repair process gone awry and is a common complication of trauma and surgery. This comprehensive review seeks to synthesize the clinical, pathoetiologic, and basic biologic features of HO, including nongenetic and genetic forms. First, the clinical features, radiographic appearance, histopathologic diagnosis, and current methods of treatment are discussed. Next, current concepts regarding the mechanistic bases for HO are discussed, including the putative cell types responsible for HO formation, the inflammatory milieu and other prerequisite “niche” factors for HO initiation and propagation, and currently available animal models for the study of HO of this common and potentially devastating condition.",
keywords = "ECTOPIC BONE, FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA, HETEROTOPIC BONE, MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS",
author = "Carolyn Meyers and Jeffrey Lisiecki and Sarah Miller and Adam Levin and Laura Fayad and Catherine Ding and Takashi Sono and Edward McCarthy and Benjamin Levi and James, {Aaron W.}",
note = "Funding Information: The present work was supported by the NIH/NIAMS (R01 AR070773, R01 AR071379, K08 AR068316), NIH/NIGMS (R01 GM123069, K08 GM109105), NIH/NIDCR (R21 DE027922), Department of Defense (W81XWH-18-1-0121, W81XWH-18-1-0336, W81XWH-18-10613), American Cancer Society (Research Scholar Grant, RSG-18-027-01-CSM), the Plastic Surgery Foundation, American Association of Plastic Surgery Academic Scholarship, American College of Surgeons Clowes Award, International Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva Association, Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation with funding provided by the Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation, the Maryland Stem Cell Research Foundation, and the Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Health or Department of Defense. Authors{\textquoteright} roles: CM, JL, SM, AL, LF, CD, TS, and EM each wrote portions of the manuscript. EM supplied radiographic images. AWJ supplied histologic images. AWJ and BL wrote and approved the final version of the manuscript. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research",
year = "2019",
month = apr,
doi = "10.1002/jbm4.10172",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "3",
journal = "JBMR Plus",
issn = "2473-4039",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd",
number = "4",
}