TY - JOUR
T1 - Hemostatic responses to exercise, dehydration, and simulated bleeding in heat-stressed humans
AU - Borgman, Matthew A.
AU - Zaar, Morten
AU - Aden, James K.
AU - Schlader, Zachary J.
AU - Gagnon, Daniel
AU - Rivas, Eric
AU - Kern, Jena
AU - Koons, Natalie J.
AU - Convertino, Victor A.
AU - Cap, Andrew P.
AU - Crandall, Craig
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported in part by an appointment to the Postgraduate Research Participation Program at the US Army Institute of Surgical Research administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the US Department of Energy, the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (W81XWH-12-1-0152 to C. G. Crandall), and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-61388 to C. G. Crandall).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019, American Physiological Society. All rights reserved.
PY - 2019/2
Y1 - 2019/2
N2 - Heat stress followed by an accompa-nying hemorrhagic challenge may influence hemostasis. We tested the hypothesis that hemostatic responses would be increased by passive heat stress, as well as exercise-induced heat stress, each with accompanying central hypovolemia to simulate a hemorrhagic insult. In aim 1, subjects were exposed to passive heating or normothermic time control, each followed by progressive lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) to presyncope. In aim 2 subjects exercised in hyperthermic environmental conditions, with and without accompanying dehydration, each also followed by progressive LBNP to presyncope. At baseline, pre-LBNP, and post-LBNP (<1, 30, and 60 min), hemostatic activity of venous blood was evaluated by plasma markers of hemostasis and thrombelastography. For aim 1, both hyperthermic and normothermic LBNP (H-LBNP and N-LBNP, respectively) resulted in higher levels of factor V, factor VIII, and von Willebrand factor antigen compared with the time control trial (all P < 0.05), but these responses were temperature independent. Hyperthermia increased fibrinolysis [clot lysis 30 min after the maximal amplitude reflecting clot strength (LY 30 )] to 5.1% post-LBNP compared with 1.5% (time control) and 2.7% in N-LBNP (P = 0.05 for main effect). Hyperthermia also potentiated increased platelet counts post-LBNP as follows: 274 K/+l for H-LBNP, 246 K/+l for N-LBNP, and 196 K/+l for time control (P < 0.05 for the interaction). For aim 2, hydration status associated with exercise in the heat did not affect the hemostatic activity, but fibrinolysis (LY 30 ) was increased to 6 –10% when subjects were dehydrated compared with an increase to 2– 4% when hydrated (P = 0.05 for treatment). Central hypovolemia via LBNP is a primary driver of hemostasis compared with hyperthermia and dehydration effects. However, hyperthermia does induce significant thrombocytosis and by itself causes an increase in clot lysis. Dehydration associated with exercise-induced heat stress increases clot lysis but does not affect exercise-activated or subsequent hypovol-emia-activated hemostasis in hyperthermic humans. Clinical implications of these findings are that quickly restoring a hemorrhaging hypovolemic trauma patient with cold noncoagulant fluids (crystal-loids) can have serious deleterious effects on the body’s innate ability to form essential clots, and several factors can increase clot lysis, which should therefore be closely monitored.
AB - Heat stress followed by an accompa-nying hemorrhagic challenge may influence hemostasis. We tested the hypothesis that hemostatic responses would be increased by passive heat stress, as well as exercise-induced heat stress, each with accompanying central hypovolemia to simulate a hemorrhagic insult. In aim 1, subjects were exposed to passive heating or normothermic time control, each followed by progressive lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) to presyncope. In aim 2 subjects exercised in hyperthermic environmental conditions, with and without accompanying dehydration, each also followed by progressive LBNP to presyncope. At baseline, pre-LBNP, and post-LBNP (<1, 30, and 60 min), hemostatic activity of venous blood was evaluated by plasma markers of hemostasis and thrombelastography. For aim 1, both hyperthermic and normothermic LBNP (H-LBNP and N-LBNP, respectively) resulted in higher levels of factor V, factor VIII, and von Willebrand factor antigen compared with the time control trial (all P < 0.05), but these responses were temperature independent. Hyperthermia increased fibrinolysis [clot lysis 30 min after the maximal amplitude reflecting clot strength (LY 30 )] to 5.1% post-LBNP compared with 1.5% (time control) and 2.7% in N-LBNP (P = 0.05 for main effect). Hyperthermia also potentiated increased platelet counts post-LBNP as follows: 274 K/+l for H-LBNP, 246 K/+l for N-LBNP, and 196 K/+l for time control (P < 0.05 for the interaction). For aim 2, hydration status associated with exercise in the heat did not affect the hemostatic activity, but fibrinolysis (LY 30 ) was increased to 6 –10% when subjects were dehydrated compared with an increase to 2– 4% when hydrated (P = 0.05 for treatment). Central hypovolemia via LBNP is a primary driver of hemostasis compared with hyperthermia and dehydration effects. However, hyperthermia does induce significant thrombocytosis and by itself causes an increase in clot lysis. Dehydration associated with exercise-induced heat stress increases clot lysis but does not affect exercise-activated or subsequent hypovol-emia-activated hemostasis in hyperthermic humans. Clinical implications of these findings are that quickly restoring a hemorrhaging hypovolemic trauma patient with cold noncoagulant fluids (crystal-loids) can have serious deleterious effects on the body’s innate ability to form essential clots, and several factors can increase clot lysis, which should therefore be closely monitored.
KW - Coagulation
KW - Fibrinolysis
KW - Hyperthermia
KW - Hypovolemia
KW - Lower body negative pressure
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U2 - 10.1152/ajpregu.00223.2018
DO - 10.1152/ajpregu.00223.2018
M3 - Article
C2 - 30231210
AN - SCOPUS:85060793498
SN - 0363-6119
VL - 316
SP - R145-R156
JO - American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology
JF - American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology
IS - 2
ER -