Handheld histology-equivalent sectioning laser-scanning confocal optical microscope for interventional imaging

Karthik Kumar, Rony Avritscher, Youmin Wang, Nancy Lane, David C. Madoff, Tse Kuan Yu, Jonathan W. Uhr, Xiaojing Zhang

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

35 Scopus citations

Abstract

A handheld, forward-imaging, laser-scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) demonstrating optical sectioning comparable with microtome slice thicknesses in conventional histology, targeted towards interventional imaging, is reported. Fast raster scanning (∼2.5 kHz line scan rate, 3.0-5.0 frames per second) was provided by a 2-axis microelectromechanical system (MEMS) scanning mirror fabricated by a method compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) processing. Cost-effective rapid-prototyped packaging combined the MEMS mirror with micro-optical components into a probe with 18 mm outer diameter and 54 mm rigid length. ZEMAX optical design simulations indicate the ability of the handheld optical system to obtain lateral resolution of 0.31 and axial resolution of 2.85μm. Lateral and axial resolutions are experimentally measured at 0.5μm and 4.2μm respectively, with field of view of 200×125μm. Results of reflectance imaging of ex vivo swine liver, and fluorescence imaging of the expression of cytokeratin and mammaglobin tumor biomarkers in epithelial human breast tissue from metastatic breast cancer patients are presented. The results indicate that inexpensive, portable handheld optical microscopy tools based on silicon micromirror technologies could be important in interventional imaging, complementing existing coarse-resolution techniques to improve the efficacy of disease diagnosis, image-guided excisional microsurgery, and monitored photodynamic therapy.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)223-233
Number of pages11
JournalBiomedical Microdevices
Volume12
Issue number2
DOIs
StatePublished - Apr 2010

Keywords

  • CMOS-compatible scanning micromirror
  • Handheld instrumentation
  • Interventional imaging
  • Laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM)
  • Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Molecular Biology

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