Current understanding of genetic factors in idiopathic scoliosis

Scoliosis is derived from the Greek word meaning crooked and was used for the first time by Galen (AD 131-201) to describe an S-shaped or C-shaped spinal deformity (Fig. 9.1). Although defined as a lateral curvature as visualized by plane radiography, the deformity is actually three-dimensional and involves changes in the frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes of the spinal column. Patients treated for scoliosis generally belong to one of the three categories. In so-called congenital scoliosis, the structural curvature of the spine is clearly secondary to radiographically visible vertebral malformations and is typically obvious at an early age. Other patients may have scoliosis as part of other pathological conditions.