Correlation between the charge of proteins in solution and in the gas phase investigated by protein charge ladders, capillary electrophoresis, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Charge ladders of bovine carbonic anhydrase II, hen egg-white lysozyme, and bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, prepared by partial acetylation of primary amino groups on the surface of the protein, have been analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and on-line electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS) using solution conditions that maintain the native structure of the protein. CE was used to separate the proteins that constitute the charge ladder into individual "rungs" - protein derivatives that have the same number of acetylated amino groups and approximately the same net charge in solution. ESI was used to produce ions in the gas phase of the proteins that constitute each rung of the charge ladder; the mass spectra of these ions were obtained and analyzed. The distributions in charge states observed in the gas phase for the groups of proteins composing each rung of the charge ladders were narrow, consistent with the retention of a compact structure of the proteins in the gas phase, and substantially independent of the number of acetylated amino groups. The ions observed io the gas phase had surface charge densities in a relatively narrow range of ∼0.9-1.5 units of charge per 10³ Ų of surface area (as estimated from crystallographic structures). These results demonstrate that the distribution of charge states for proteins produced in the gas phase by ESI do not necessarily reflect the net charge of the protein in solution or the number of ammo groups on the protein.