TY - JOUR
T1 - Cardiovascular responses to dynamic and static upper-body exercise in a cold environment in coronary artery disease patients
AU - Valtonen, Rasmus I.P.
AU - Hintsala, Heidi H.E.
AU - Kiviniemi, Antti
AU - Kenttä, Tuomas
AU - Crandall, Craig
AU - van Marken Lichtenbelt, Wouter
AU - Perkiömäki, Juha
AU - Hautala, Arto
AU - Jaakkola, Jouni J.K.
AU - Ikäheimo, Tiina M.
N1 - Funding Information:
Open access funding provided by University of Oulu including Oulu University Hospital. The study was funded through grants from the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture (TI, RV, HH, AK) (CadColdEx OKM/84/626/2014, OKM/44/626/2015, OKM/31/626/2016, RV, HH, AK) and (ActiCard OKM/54/626/2019, OKM/85/626/2019, OKM/1096/626/2020, RV), Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation (TI, HH), Juho Vainio Foundation (RV).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s).
PY - 2022/1
Y1 - 2022/1
N2 - Purpose: Upper-body exercise performed in a cold environment may increase cardiovascular strain, which could be detrimental to patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This study compared cardiovascular responses of CAD patients during graded upper-body dynamic and static exercise in cold and neutral environments. Methods: 20 patients with stable CAD performed 30 min of progressive dynamic (light, moderate, and heavy rating of perceived exertion) and static (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% of maximal voluntary contraction) upper body exercise in cold (− 15 °C) and neutral (+ 22 °C) environments. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiographic (ECG) responses were recorded and rate pressure product (RPP) calculated. Results: Dynamic-graded upper-body exercise in the cold increased HR by 2.3–4.8% (p = 0.002–0.040), MAP by 3.9–5.9% (p = 0.038–0.454) and RPP by 18.1–24.4% (p = 0.002–0.020) when compared to the neutral environment. Static graded upper-body exercise in the cold resulted in higher MAP (6.3–9.1%; p = 0.000–0.014), lower HR (4.1–7.2%; p = 0.009–0.033), but unaltered RPP compared to a neutral environment. Heavy dynamic exercise resulted in ST depression that was not related to temperature. Otherwise, ECG was largely unaltered during exercise in either thermal condition. Conclusions: Dynamic- and static-graded upper-body exercise in the cold involves higher cardiovascular strain compared with a neutral environment among patients with stable CAD. However, no marked changes in electric cardiac function were observed. The results support the use of upper-body exercise in the cold in patients with stable CAD. Trial registration: Clinical trial registration NCT02855905 August 2016.
AB - Purpose: Upper-body exercise performed in a cold environment may increase cardiovascular strain, which could be detrimental to patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This study compared cardiovascular responses of CAD patients during graded upper-body dynamic and static exercise in cold and neutral environments. Methods: 20 patients with stable CAD performed 30 min of progressive dynamic (light, moderate, and heavy rating of perceived exertion) and static (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% of maximal voluntary contraction) upper body exercise in cold (− 15 °C) and neutral (+ 22 °C) environments. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiographic (ECG) responses were recorded and rate pressure product (RPP) calculated. Results: Dynamic-graded upper-body exercise in the cold increased HR by 2.3–4.8% (p = 0.002–0.040), MAP by 3.9–5.9% (p = 0.038–0.454) and RPP by 18.1–24.4% (p = 0.002–0.020) when compared to the neutral environment. Static graded upper-body exercise in the cold resulted in higher MAP (6.3–9.1%; p = 0.000–0.014), lower HR (4.1–7.2%; p = 0.009–0.033), but unaltered RPP compared to a neutral environment. Heavy dynamic exercise resulted in ST depression that was not related to temperature. Otherwise, ECG was largely unaltered during exercise in either thermal condition. Conclusions: Dynamic- and static-graded upper-body exercise in the cold involves higher cardiovascular strain compared with a neutral environment among patients with stable CAD. However, no marked changes in electric cardiac function were observed. The results support the use of upper-body exercise in the cold in patients with stable CAD. Trial registration: Clinical trial registration NCT02855905 August 2016.
KW - Cold
KW - Coronary artery disease
KW - Dynamic
KW - Exercise
KW - Static
KW - Upper body
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U2 - 10.1007/s00421-021-04826-x
DO - 10.1007/s00421-021-04826-x
M3 - Article
C2 - 34655331
AN - SCOPUS:85117152604
SN - 1439-6319
VL - 122
SP - 223
EP - 232
JO - European Journal of Applied Physiology
JF - European Journal of Applied Physiology
IS - 1
ER -