TY - CHAP
T1 - Biology of gender identity and gender incongruence
AU - Hamidi, Oksana
AU - Nippoldt, Todd B.
PY - 2019/1/1
Y1 - 2019/1/1
N2 - The process of gender identity development remains poorly understood. Higher prevalence of gender nonconforming identity has been reported in individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen insensitivity syndromes, defects in androgen biosynthesis, and structural differences in sex development, indicating that prenatal and postnatal androgen exposure plays some role in the development of gender identity. Additionally, genetics are thought to play an important role in gender identity based on the observed concordance of gender incongruence in monozygotic twin pairs and reported co-occurrence of gender nonconformity in families. Also, gender identity variance has been associated with distinct morphological characteristics of specific neuroanatomical structures, such as the interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus 3 and the central part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, supporting the hypothesis that gender identity evolves as a consequence of the interaction of the developing brain and sex hormones. Gender identity development is complex and most likely stems from an intricate interaction between biological, genetic, social, and psychological factors.
AB - The process of gender identity development remains poorly understood. Higher prevalence of gender nonconforming identity has been reported in individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen insensitivity syndromes, defects in androgen biosynthesis, and structural differences in sex development, indicating that prenatal and postnatal androgen exposure plays some role in the development of gender identity. Additionally, genetics are thought to play an important role in gender identity based on the observed concordance of gender incongruence in monozygotic twin pairs and reported co-occurrence of gender nonconformity in families. Also, gender identity variance has been associated with distinct morphological characteristics of specific neuroanatomical structures, such as the interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus 3 and the central part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, supporting the hypothesis that gender identity evolves as a consequence of the interaction of the developing brain and sex hormones. Gender identity development is complex and most likely stems from an intricate interaction between biological, genetic, social, and psychological factors.
KW - Androgen exposure
KW - Differences of sex development
KW - Gender variant
KW - Genetics of gender identity
KW - Neuroanatomy of gender nonconforming
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U2 - 10.1007/978-3-030-05683-4_3
DO - 10.1007/978-3-030-05683-4_3
M3 - Chapter
AN - SCOPUS:85062912961
T3 - Contemporary Endocrinology
SP - 39
EP - 50
BT - Contemporary Endocrinology
PB - Humana Press Inc.
ER -