TY - JOUR
T1 - Association of Urinary Sodium/Potassium Ratio with Blood Pressure
T2 - Sex and Racial Differences
AU - Susan Hedayati, S.
AU - Minhajuddin, Abu T.
AU - Ijaz, Adeel
AU - Moe, Orson W.
AU - Elsayed, Essam F.
AU - Reilly, Robert F.
AU - Huang, Chou Long
PY - 2012/2/1
Y1 - 2012/2/1
N2 - Background and objectives Previous studies reporting an association between high BP and high sodium and low potassium intake or urinary sodium/potassium ratio (U[Na +]/[K +]) primarily included white men and did not control for cardiovascular risk factors. Design, setting, participants, & measurements This cross-sectional study investigated the association of U[Na +]/ [K +] with BP in 3303 participants using robust linear regression. Results Mean age was 43±10 years, 56% of participants were women, and 52% were African American. BP was higher in African Americans than in non-African Americans, 131/81±20/11 versus 120/76±16/9 mmHg (P<0.001). Mean U[Na +]/[K +] was 4.4±3.0 in African Americans and 4.1±2.5 in non-African Americans (P=0.002), with medians (interquartile ranges) of 3.7 (3.2) and 3.6 (2.8). Systolic BP increased by 1.6 mmHg (95% confidence interval, 1.0, 2.2) and diastolic BPby 1.0 mmHg (95% confidence interval, 0.6,1.4) for each 3-unit increase in U[Na +]/[K +] (P<0.001 for both). This association remained significant after adjusting for diabetes mellitus, smoking, body mass index, total cholesterol, GFR, and urine albumin/creatinine ratio. There was no interaction between African-American race and U[Na +]/[K +], but for any given value of U[Na +]/[K +], both systolic BP and diastolic BP were higher in African Americans than in non-African Americans. The diastolic BP increase was higher in men than in women per 3-unit increase in U[Na +]/[K +] (1.6 versus 0.9 mmHg, interaction P=0.03). Conclusions Dietary Na + excess and K + deficiency may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension independent of cardiovascular risk factors. This association may be more pronounced in men than in women.
AB - Background and objectives Previous studies reporting an association between high BP and high sodium and low potassium intake or urinary sodium/potassium ratio (U[Na +]/[K +]) primarily included white men and did not control for cardiovascular risk factors. Design, setting, participants, & measurements This cross-sectional study investigated the association of U[Na +]/ [K +] with BP in 3303 participants using robust linear regression. Results Mean age was 43±10 years, 56% of participants were women, and 52% were African American. BP was higher in African Americans than in non-African Americans, 131/81±20/11 versus 120/76±16/9 mmHg (P<0.001). Mean U[Na +]/[K +] was 4.4±3.0 in African Americans and 4.1±2.5 in non-African Americans (P=0.002), with medians (interquartile ranges) of 3.7 (3.2) and 3.6 (2.8). Systolic BP increased by 1.6 mmHg (95% confidence interval, 1.0, 2.2) and diastolic BPby 1.0 mmHg (95% confidence interval, 0.6,1.4) for each 3-unit increase in U[Na +]/[K +] (P<0.001 for both). This association remained significant after adjusting for diabetes mellitus, smoking, body mass index, total cholesterol, GFR, and urine albumin/creatinine ratio. There was no interaction between African-American race and U[Na +]/[K +], but for any given value of U[Na +]/[K +], both systolic BP and diastolic BP were higher in African Americans than in non-African Americans. The diastolic BP increase was higher in men than in women per 3-unit increase in U[Na +]/[K +] (1.6 versus 0.9 mmHg, interaction P=0.03). Conclusions Dietary Na + excess and K + deficiency may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension independent of cardiovascular risk factors. This association may be more pronounced in men than in women.
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U2 - 10.2215/CJN.02060311
DO - 10.2215/CJN.02060311
M3 - Article
C2 - 22114147
AN - SCOPUS:84863131671
SN - 1555-9041
VL - 7
SP - 315
EP - 322
JO - Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
JF - Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
IS - 2
ER -