Antiplatelet therapy in the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with CKD: What is the evidence?

Antiplatelet agents (APAs) are proven to reduce risk of major cardiovascular events in patientswith cardiovascular disease and normal kidney function. With recent post hoc analyses of large trials questioning the safety and efficacy of APAs in CKD, major gaps exist in our understanding of platelet aggregability and the effects of APAs on thrombosis and bleeding in CKD. Clinical practice guidelines are ambiguous about use of such agents in CKD patients, because patients with moderate to advanced CKD were systematically excluded from clinical trials of APAs. CKD patients experience excessive rates of cardiovascular thrombotic events, yet paradoxically are at higher risk formajor bleedingwhile receiving APAs. Furthermore, observational studies suggest that CKDpatients may exhibit poor response to APAs. High residual platelet aggregability, as determined by inhibition of platelet aggregation, is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events. In addition, metabolism of certain APAs may be altered in CKD patients. It is, therefore, imperative to explore the mechanisms responsible for poor response to APAs in CKD patients in order to use these drugsmore safely and effectively. This review identifies the knowledge gaps and future trials needed to address those issues with the use of APAs in CKD patients.