TY - JOUR
T1 - Alveolar Dead Space Is Augmented During Exercise in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
AU - Balmain, Bryce N.
AU - Tomlinson, Andrew R.
AU - MacNamara, James P.
AU - Hynan, Linda S.
AU - Levine, Benjamin D.
AU - Sarma, Satyam
AU - Babb, Tony G.
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding/support: B.N.B is supported by an American Heart Association Postdoctoral Fellowship (grant number: 826064). This research was also supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant number: 1P01HL137630), King Charitable Foundation Trust, Susan Lay Atwell Gift for Pulmonary Research, Cain Foundation, and Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 American College of Chest Physicians
PY - 2022/12
Y1 - 2022/12
N2 - Background: Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) exhibit many cardiopulmonary abnormalities that could result in V˙/Q˙ mismatch, manifesting as an increase in alveolar dead space (VDalveolar) during exercise. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that VDalveolar would increase during exercise to a greater extent in patients with HFpEF compared with control participants. Research Question: Do patients with HFpEF develop VDalveolar during exercise? Study Design and Methods: Twenty-three patients with HFpEF and 12 control participants were studied. Gas exchange (ventilation [V˙E], oxygen uptake [V˙O2], and CO2 elimination [V˙CO2]) and arterial blood gases were analyzed at rest, twenty watts (20W), and peak exercise. Ventilatory efficiency (evaluated as the V˙E/V˙CO2 slope) also was measured from rest to 20W in patients with HFpEF. The physiologic dead space (VDphysiologic) to tidal volume (VT) ratio (VD/VT) was calculated using the Enghoff modification of the Bohr equation. VDalveolar was calculated as: (VD / VT × VT) – anatomic dead space. Data were analyzed between groups (patients with HFpEF vs control participants) across conditions (rest, 20W, and peak exercise) using a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance and relationships were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: VDalveolar increased from rest (0.12 ± 0.07 L/breath) to 20W (0.22 ± 0.08 L/breath) in patients with HFpEF (P < .01), whereas VDalveolar did not change from rest (0.01 ± 0.06 L/breath) to 20W (0.06 ± 0.13 L/breath) in control participants (P = .19). Thereafter, VDalveolar increased from 20W to peak exercise in patients with HFpEF (0.37 ± 0.16 L/breath; P < .01 vs 20W) and control participants (0.19 ± 0.17 L/breath; P = .03 vs 20W). VDalveolar was greater in patients with HFpEF compared with control participants at rest, 20W, and peak exercise (main effect for group, P < .01). Moreover, the increase in VDalveolar correlated with the V˙E/V˙CO2 slope (r = 0.69; P < .01), which was correlated with peak V˙O2peak (r = 0.46; P < .01) in patients with HFpEF. Interpretation: These data suggest that the increase in V˙/Q˙ mismatch may be explained by increases in VDalveolar and that increases in VDalveolar worsens ventilatory efficiency, which seems to be a key contributor to exercise intolerance in patients with HFpEF.
AB - Background: Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) exhibit many cardiopulmonary abnormalities that could result in V˙/Q˙ mismatch, manifesting as an increase in alveolar dead space (VDalveolar) during exercise. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that VDalveolar would increase during exercise to a greater extent in patients with HFpEF compared with control participants. Research Question: Do patients with HFpEF develop VDalveolar during exercise? Study Design and Methods: Twenty-three patients with HFpEF and 12 control participants were studied. Gas exchange (ventilation [V˙E], oxygen uptake [V˙O2], and CO2 elimination [V˙CO2]) and arterial blood gases were analyzed at rest, twenty watts (20W), and peak exercise. Ventilatory efficiency (evaluated as the V˙E/V˙CO2 slope) also was measured from rest to 20W in patients with HFpEF. The physiologic dead space (VDphysiologic) to tidal volume (VT) ratio (VD/VT) was calculated using the Enghoff modification of the Bohr equation. VDalveolar was calculated as: (VD / VT × VT) – anatomic dead space. Data were analyzed between groups (patients with HFpEF vs control participants) across conditions (rest, 20W, and peak exercise) using a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance and relationships were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: VDalveolar increased from rest (0.12 ± 0.07 L/breath) to 20W (0.22 ± 0.08 L/breath) in patients with HFpEF (P < .01), whereas VDalveolar did not change from rest (0.01 ± 0.06 L/breath) to 20W (0.06 ± 0.13 L/breath) in control participants (P = .19). Thereafter, VDalveolar increased from 20W to peak exercise in patients with HFpEF (0.37 ± 0.16 L/breath; P < .01 vs 20W) and control participants (0.19 ± 0.17 L/breath; P = .03 vs 20W). VDalveolar was greater in patients with HFpEF compared with control participants at rest, 20W, and peak exercise (main effect for group, P < .01). Moreover, the increase in VDalveolar correlated with the V˙E/V˙CO2 slope (r = 0.69; P < .01), which was correlated with peak V˙O2peak (r = 0.46; P < .01) in patients with HFpEF. Interpretation: These data suggest that the increase in V˙/Q˙ mismatch may be explained by increases in VDalveolar and that increases in VDalveolar worsens ventilatory efficiency, which seems to be a key contributor to exercise intolerance in patients with HFpEF.
KW - HFpEF
KW - V˙/Q˙ mismatch
KW - dead space
KW - exercise intolerance
KW - gas exchange inefficiency
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U2 - 10.1016/j.chest.2022.06.016
DO - 10.1016/j.chest.2022.06.016
M3 - Article
C2 - 35753384
AN - SCOPUS:85141942512
SN - 0012-3692
VL - 162
SP - 1349
EP - 1359
JO - Diseases of the chest
JF - Diseases of the chest
IS - 6
ER -